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#### 33.1.3 Modifiers

After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ``:`'. These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.

`h`
  Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
`t`
  Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
`r`
  Remove a trailing suffix of the form ``.suffix`', leaving the basename.
`e`
  Remove all but the trailing suffix.
`p`
  Print the new command but do not execute it.
`s/`old`/`new`/`
  Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the event line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ``/`'. The delimiter may be quoted in old and new with a single backslash. If ``&`' appears in new, it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote the ``&`'. If old is null, it is set to the last old substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, the last string in a !?string`[?]` search. If new is is null, each matching old is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line.
`&`
  Repeat the previous substitution.
`g`
`a`
  Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in conjunction with ``s`', as in `gs/`old`/`new`/`, or with ``&`'.
`G`
  Apply the following ``s`' or ``&`' modifier once to each word in the event.