Overview Before you begin Why rely on the compiler for auto-vectorization? Compiling for Neon with Arm Compiler 6 Example: vector addition Example: function in a loop Coding best practices for auto-vectorization Check your knowledge Related information
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Overview

As a programmer, there are a number of ways you can make use of Neon technology:

  • Neon-enabled open source libraries such as the Arm Compute Library provide one of the easiest ways to take advantage of Neon.
  • Auto-vectorization features in your compiler can automatically optimize your code to take advantage of Neon.
  • Neon intrinsics are function calls that the compiler replaces with appropriate Neon instructions. This gives you direct, low-level access to the exact Neon instructions you want, all from C/C++ code.
  • For very high performance, hand-coded Neon assembler can be an alternative approach for experienced programmers.

This guide shows how to use the auto-vectorization features in Arm Compiler 6 to automatically generate code that contains Armv8 Advanced SIMD instructions. It contains a number of examples to explore Neon code generation and highlights coding best practices that help the compiler produce the best results.

This guide will be useful to everyone developing for Arm, and will be especially useful for those who want to use Neon technology without having to program in assembly.

At the end of this guide you will have achieved the following:

  • You will know which Arm Compiler command line options enable Advanced SIMD code generation.
  • You will be able to write C/C++ code which exploits various optimization features of Arm Compiler 6.
  • You will know where to find the documentation for different compilers.

Before you begin

If you are not already familiar with Neon, you should read Introducing Neon for Armv8-A before starting this guide.

The examples in this guide use Arm Compiler 6, designed for embedded application development running on bare-metal devices. If you do not already have access to Arm Compiler 6, it is included in the 30-day free trial of Arm Development Studio Gold Edition.

Even though this guide uses Arm Compiler 6, you can easily adapt the examples for other compilers. You will need to consult your compiler documentation to find out the equivalent compiler options to use in the examples. Auto-vectorizing compilers that can generate Neon code include:

  • Arm Compiler 6, designed for embedded application development running on bare-metal devices. This is the compiler used in this guide’s examples.
  • Arm C/C++ Compiler, designed for Linux user space application development, originally for High Performance Computing.
  • LLVM-clang, the open source LLVM-based toolchain.
  • GCC, the open source GNU toolchain.

Why rely on the compiler for auto-vectorization?

Writing hand-optimized assembly kernels or C code containing Neon intrinsics provides a high level of control over the Neon code in your software. However, these methods can result in significant portability and engineering complexity costs.

In many cases a high quality compiler can generate code which is just as good, but requires significantly less design time. The process of allowing the compiler to automatically identify opportunities in your code to use Advanced SIMD instructions is called auto-vectorization.

In terms of specific compilation techniques, auto-vectorization includes:

  • Loop vectorization: unrolling loops to reduce the number of iterations, while performing more operations in each iteration. 
  • Superword-Level Parallelism (SLP) vectorization: bundling scalar operations together to make use of full width Advanced SIMD instructions.

Auto-vectorizing compilers include Arm Compiler 6, Arm C/C++ Compiler, LLVM-clang, and GCC.

The benefits of relying on compiler auto-vectorization include the following:

  • Programs implemented in high level languages are portable, so long as there are no architecture specific code elements such as inline assembly or intrinsics.
  • Modern compilers are capable of performing advanced optimizations automatically.
  • Targeting a given micro-architecture can be as easy as setting a single compiler option, whereas optimizing an assembly program requires deep knowledge of the target hardware.

Auto-vectorization might not be the right choice in all situations, however:

  • While source code can be architecture agnostic, it may have to be compiler specific to get the best code-generation.
  • Small changes in a high-level language or the compiler options can result in significant and unpredictable changes in generated code.

Using the compiler to generate Neon code will be appropriate for most projects. Other methods for exploiting Neon only become necessary when the generated code does not deliver the necessary performance, or when particular hardware features are not supported by high-level languages. For example, configuring system registers to control floating-point functionality must be performed in assembly code.

Compiling for Neon with Arm Compiler 6

To enable automatic vectorization you must specify appropriate compiler options to do the following:

In addition, specifying the -Rpass=loop compiler option displays useful diagnostic information from the compiler about how it optimized particular loops. This information includes vectorization width and interleave count.

Note that -Rpass=loop is a [COMMUNITY] feature of Arm Compiler.

Specifying a Neon-capable target

Neon is required in all standard Armv8-A implementations, so targeting any Armv8-A architecture or processor will allow the generation of Neon code.

If you only want to run code on one particular processor, you can target that specific processor. Performance is optimized for the micro-architectural specifics of that processor. However code is only guaranteed to run on that processor.

If you want your code to run on a wide range of processors, you can target an architecture. Generated code runs on any processor implementation of that target architecture, but performance might be impacted.

To target Armv8‑A AArch64 state:

armclang --target=aarch64-arm-none-eabi

To target the Cortex‑A53 in AArch32 state:

armclang --target=arm-arm-none-eabi -mcpu=cortex-a53

For the older Armv7 architecture, where Neon was optional, you can use the -mcpu, -march and -mfpu options to specify that Neon is available.

Specifying an auto-vectorizing optimization level

Arm Compiler 6 provides a wide range of optimization levels, selected with the -O option:

Option Meaning Auto-vectorization
-O0 Minimum optimization Never
-O1 Restricted optimization Disabled by default.
-O2 High optimization Enabled by default.
-O3 Very high optimization Enabled by default.
-Os Reduce code size, balancing code size against code speed. Enabled by default.
-Oz Smallest possible code size Enabled by default.
-Ofast Optimize for high performance beyond -O3 Enabled by default.
-Omax Optimize for high performance beyond -Ofast Enabled by default.

See

Selecting optimization options, in the Arm Compiler User Guide and -O, in the Arm Compiler armclang Reference Guide for more details about these options.

 

Auto-vectorization is enabled by default at optimization level -O2 and higher. The -fno-vectorize option lets you disable auto-vectorization.

At optimization level -O1, auto-vectorization is disabled by default. The -fvectorize option lets you enable auto-vectorization.

At optimization level -O0, auto-vectorization is always disabled. If you specify the -fvectorize option, the compiler ignores it.

Example: vector addition

Let's look at how we can use compiler options to auto-vectorize and optimize a simple C program.

  1. Create a new file vec_add.c containing the following function. This function adds two arrays of 32-bit floating-point values.

    void vec_add(float *vec_A, float *vec_B, float *vec_C, int len_vec) {
        int i;
        for (i=0; i<len_vec; i++) {
                vec_C[i] = vec_A[i] + vec_B[i];
        }
}

  2. Compile the code, without using auto-vectorization:

    armclang --target=aarch64-arm-none-eabi -g -c -O1 vec_add.c

  3. Disassemble the resulting object file to see the generated instructions:

    fromelf --disassemble vec_add.o -o disassembly_vec_off.txt

    The disassembled code looks similar to this:

    vec_add                  ; Alternate entry point
        CMP      w3,#1
        B.LT     |L3.36|
        MOV      w8,w3
|L3.12|
        LDR      s0,[x0],#4
        LDR      s1,[x1],#4
        SUBS     x8,x8,#1
        FADD     s0,s0,s1
        STR      s0,[x2],#4
        B.NE     |L3.12|
|L3.36|
        RET

    Here we can see the label name vec_add for the function, followed by the generated assembly instructions that make up the function. The FADD instruction performs the core part of the operation, but the code is not making use of Neon as only one addition operation is performed at a time. We can see this because the FADD instruction is operating on the scalar registers S0 and S1.

  4. Re-compile the code, this time using auto-vectorization:

    armclang --target=aarch64-arm-none-eabi -g -c -O1 vec_add.c -fvectorize

  5. Disassemble the resulting object file to see the generated instructions:

    fromelf --disassemble vec_add.o -o disassembly_vec_on.txt

    The disassembled code looks similar to this:

    vec_add                  ; Alternate entry point
        CMP      w3,#1
        B.LT     |L3.184|
        CMP      w3,#4
        MOV      w8,w3
        MOV      x9,xzr
        B.CC     |L3.140|
        LSL      x10,x8,#2
        ADD      x12,x0,x10
        ADD      x11,x2,x10
        CMP      x12,x2
        ADD      x10,x1,x10
        CSET     w12,HI
        CMP      x11,x0
        CSET     w13,HI
        CMP      x10,x2
        CSET     w10,HI
        CMP      x11,x1
        AND      w12,w12,w13
        CSET     w11,HI
        TBNZ     w12,#0,|L3.140|
        AND      w10,w10,w11
        TBNZ     w10,#0,|L3.140|
        AND      x9,x8,#0xfffffffc
        MOV      x10,x9
        MOV      x11,x2
        MOV      x12,x1
        MOV      x13,x0
|L3.108|
        LDR      q0,[x13],#0x10
        LDR      q1,[x12],#0x10
        SUBS     x10,x10,#4
        FADD     v0.4S,v0.4S,v1.4S
        STR      q0,[x11],#0x10
        B.NE     |L3.108|
        CMP      x9,x8
        B.EQ     |L3.184|
|L3.140|
        LSL      x12,x9,#2
        ADD      x10,x2,x12
        ADD      x11,x1,x12
        ADD      x12,x0,x12
        SUB      x8,x8,x9
|L3.160|
        LDR      s0,[x12],#4
        LDR      s1,[x11],#4
        SUBS     x8,x8,#1
        FADD     s0,s0,s1
        STR      s0,[x10],#4
        B.NE     |L3.160|
|L3.184|
        RET

    SLP auto-vectorization has been successful, as we can see from the instruction FADD v0.4S,v0.4S,v1.4S which performs an addition on four 32-bit floats packed into a SIMD register. However this has come at significant cost to code size as it must detect cases where the SIMD width is not a divisor of the array length. Such increases in code size may or may not be acceptable depending on the project and target hardware. This may be tolerable for a phone application where the change in code size is insignificant compared with the available memory, but could be unacceptable for an embedded application with a small amount of RAM.

    6. A complete code listing is included below. Compile and disassemble at different optimization levels to see the effect on the generated code.

Example: function in a loop

Sometimes changes to source code are unavoidable if you want to use particular optimization features of the compiler. This can occur when the code is too complex for the compiler to auto-vectorize, or when you want to override the compiler's decisions about how to optimize a particular piece of code.

  1. Create a new file cubed.c containing the following function. This function calculates the cubes of an array of values.

    double cubed(double x) {
        return x*x*x;
}
 
void vec_cubed(double *x_vec, double *y_vec, int len_vec) {
        int i;
        for (i=0; i<len_vec; i++) {
                y_vec[i] = cubed(x_vec[i]);
        }
}

  2. Compile the code, using auto-vectorization:

    armclang --target=aarch64-arm-none-eabi -g -c -O1 -fvectorize cubed.c

  3. Disassemble the resulting object file to see the generated instructions:

    fromelf --disassemble cubed.o -o disassembly.txt

    The disassembled code looks similar to this:

    cubed                  ; Alternate entry point
        FMUL     d1,d0,d0
        FMUL     d0,d1,d0
        RET

        AREA ||.text.vec_cubed||, CODE, READONLY, ALIGN=2

vec_cubed                  ; Alternate entry point
        STP      x21,x20,[sp,#-0x20]!
        STP      x19,x30,[sp,#0x10]
        CMP      w2,#1
        B.LT     |L4.48|
        MOV      x19,x1
        MOV      x20,x0
        MOV      w21,w2
|L4.28|
        LDR      d0,[x20],#8
        BL       cubed
        SUBS     x21,x21,#1
        STR      d0,[x19],#8
        B.NE     |L4.28|
|L4.48|
        LDP      x19,x30,[sp,#0x10]
        LDP      x21,x20,[sp],#0x20
        RET

    There are a number of issues in this code:

    • The compiler has not performed loop or SLP vectorization, or inlined our cubed function.
    • The code needs to perform checks on the input pointers to verify that the arrays do not overlap.

    These issues can be fixed in a number of ways, such as compiling at a higher optimization level, but let's focus on what code changes can be made without altering the compiler options.

  4. Add the following macros and qualifiers to the code to can override some of the compiler's decisions.

    • __attribute__((always_inline)) is an Arm Compiler extension which indicates that the compiler always attempts to inline the function. In this example, not only is the function inlined, but the compiler can also perform SLP vectorization.

      Before inlining, the cubed function works with scalar doubles only, so there is no need or way of performing SLP vectorization on this function by itself.

      When the cubed function is inlined, the compiler can detect that its operations are performed on arrays and vectorize the code with the available ASIMD instructions.

    • restrict is a standard C/C++ keyword that indicates to the compiler that a given array corresponds to a unique region of memory. This eliminates the need for run-time checks for overlapping arrays.
    • #pragma clang loop interleave_count(X) is a Clang language extension that lets you control auto-vectorization by specifying a vector width and interleaving count. This pragma is a [COMMUNITY] feature of Arm Compiler.

    A complete reference to the vectorization macros can be found in the clang documentation.

    __always_inline double cubed(double x) {
        return x*x*x;
}
 
void vec_cubed(double *restrict x_vec, double *restrict y_vec, int len_vec) {
        int i;
        #pragma clang loop interleave_count(2)
        for (i=0; i<len_vec; i++) {
                y_vec[i] = cubed(x_vec[i]);
        }
}

  5. Compile and disassemble with the same commands we used earlier. This produces the following code:

    vec_cubed                  ; Alternate entry point
        CMP      w2,#1
        B.LT     |L4.132|
        CMP      w2,#4
        MOV      w8,w2
        B.CS     |L4.28|
        MOV      x9,xzr
        B        |L4.92|
|L4.28|
        AND      x9,x8,#0xfffffffc
        ADD      x10,x0,#0x10
        ADD      x11,x1,#0x10
        MOV      x12,x9
|L4.44|
        LDP      q0,q1,[x10,#-0x10]
        ADD      x10,x10,#0x20
        SUBS     x12,x12,#4
        FMUL     v2.2D,v0.2D,v0.2D
        FMUL     v3.2D,v1.2D,v1.2D
        FMUL     v0.2D,v0.2D,v2.2D
        FMUL     v1.2D,v1.2D,v3.2D
        STP      q0,q1,[x11,#-0x10]
        ADD      x11,x11,#0x20
        B.NE     |L4.44|
        CMP      x9,x8
        B.EQ     |L4.132|
|L4.92|
        LSL      x11,x9,#3
        ADD      x10,x1,x11
        ADD      x11,x0,x11
        SUB      x8,x8,x9
|L4.108|
        LDR      d0,[x11],#8
        SUBS     x8,x8,#1
        FMUL     d1,d0,d0
        FMUL     d0,d0,d1
        STR      d0,[x10],#8
        B.NE     |L4.108|
|L4.132|
        RET

    This disassembly shows that the inlining, SLP vectorization, and loop vectorization have been successful. Using the restrict pointers has eliminated run-time overlap checks.

    The code size has increased slightly, due to the loop tail which handles any remaining iterations when the total loop count is not a multiple of four (the effective unroll depth). The loop unroll depth is two and is the SLP width is two, so the effective unroll depth is four. In the next step we'll look at an optimization we can make if we know the loop count will always be a multiple of four.

  6. Let us assume our loop count will always be a multiple of four. We can communicate this to the compiler by masking off the lower bits of the loop counter:

    void vec_cubed(double *restrict x_vec, double *restrict y_vec, int len_vec) {
        int i;
        #pragma clang loop interleave_count(1)
        for (i=0; i<(len_vec & ~3); i++) {
                y_vec[i] = cubed_i(x_vec[i]);
        }
}

  7. Compile and disassemble with the same commands we used earlier. This produces the following code:

    vec_cubed                  ; Alternate entry point
        AND      w8,w2,#0xfffffffc
        CMP      w8,#1
        B.LT     |L13.40|
        MOV      w8,w8
|L13.16|
        LDR      q0,[x0],#0x10
        SUBS     x8,x8,#2
        FMUL     v1.2D,v0.2D,v0.2D
        FMUL     v0.2D,v0.2D,v1.2D
        STR      q0,[x1],#0x10
        B.NE     |L13.16|
|L13.40|
        RET

    The code size is reduced, because the compiler knows it no longer has to test for and deal with any remaining iterations that were not a multiple of four. Promising to the compiler that the data we supply will always be a multiple of the vector length has produced optimized code.

This example is simple enough that compiling at -O2 will perform all of these optimizations with no code changes, but more complex pieces of code might require this type of tuning to get the most from the compiler.

A full code listing is included below. You can compile and disassemble at a variety of optimization levels and unroll depths to observe the compiler's auto-vectorization behavior.

Coding best practices for auto-vectorization

As an implementation becomes more complicated the likelihood that the compiler can auto-vectorize the code decreases. For example, loops with the following characteristics are particularly difficult (or impossible) to vectorize:

  • Loops with interdependencies between different loop iterations.
  • Loops with break clauses.
  • Loops with complex conditions.

Arm recommends modifying your source code implementation to eliminate these situations.

For example, a necessary condition for auto-vectorization is that the number of iterations in the loop size must be known at the start of the loop. Break conditions mean the loop size may not be knowable at the start of the loop, which will prevent auto-vectorization. If it is not possible to completely avoid a break condition, it may be worthwhile breaking up the loops into multiple vectorizable and non-vectorizable parts.

A full discussion of the compiler directives used to control vectorization of loops for can be found in the LLVM-Clang documentation, but the two most important are:

  • #pragma clang loop vectorize(enable)
  • #pragma clang loop interleave(enable)

These pragmas are hints to the compiler to perform SLP and Loop vectorization respectively. They are [COMMUNITY] features of Arm Compiler.

More detailed guides covering auto-vectorization are available for the Arm C/C++ Compiler Linux user space compiler, although many of the points will apply across LLVM-Clang variants:

Check your knowledge

Related information

Arm Compiler 6 documentation provides information about the bare-metal compiler.

Arm C/C++ Compiler documentation provides information about the Linux user space compiler.

The LLVM-clang documentation provides information about the open source LLVM-based toolchain.

The GCC documentation provides information about the open source GNU toolchain.

The Architecture Exploration Tools let you investigate and learn more about the Advanced SIMD instruction set.

The Arm Architecture Reference Manual Armv8, for Armv8-A architecture profile   provides a complete specification of the Advanced SIMD instruction set.

The Optimizing C Code with Neon Intrinsics guide shows you how to use Neon intrinsics in your C, or C++, code to take advantage of the Advanced SIMD technology in the Armv8 architecture.