Overview
Most developers write most of their code using a high-level language such as C and C++. This high-level source code is then compiled to machine code which runs on a target device.
Sometimes, however, writing low-level assembly code has advantages. Perhaps you want to hand-optimize a critical algorithm to make it as fast as possible. Or perhaps you need to maintain legacy code that is already written in assembly. Or maybe you just want to learn more about the low-level operation of your code to understand more about how it works.
In all these situations, you will need to understand how to read and write Arm assembly code.
Learning about the instruction set
Assembly instructions are the fundamental building blocks of any program. If you are going to write assembly code, you will need to understand what instructions are available to you.
The precise set of available instructions for a particular device is called the instruction set. The Arm architecture supports three Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs): A64, A32 and T32. Use these resources for more information:
- Learn more about the different instruction sets supported by the Arm architecture.
- Use the ISA exploration tools to discover the available A64, A32, and T32 instructions in easy-to-browse XML and HTML formats.
- Refer to the Arm Architecture Reference Manuals (A-profile, R-profile, and M-profile) for definitive ISA details.
Learning about assembly language
Although the instruction set reference materials described in the Overview are comprehensive, they do not provide the best starting point for beginners.
The following resources introduce the basic concepts of programming in Arm assembly language:
- The Cortex-A Series Programmer's Guide explains architectural fundamentals and an introduction to assembly language code, along with other useful information for programmers.
- Arm Assembly Language: Fundamentals and Techniques by William Hohl is a popular resource with the Arm University Program. This book discusses the basics of assembly language.
- Embedded Systems Fundamentals with Arm Cortex-M based Microcontrollers: A Practical Approach by Dr Alexander G. Dean includes a chapter correlating C programming features with those in assembly code.
The Arm Compiler 5 toolchain (executable name armasm) uses a different syntax for assembly code to Arm Compiler 6 (executable name armclang) and GNU (executable name as). Although the instructions are mostly the same regardless of toolchain, the syntax around the instructions varies.
- Overview of differences between armasm and GNU syntax assembly code describes the syntax differences you must be aware of if you are using legacy tools or migrating assembly code.
Mixing C, C++, and assembly code
Even though you can now write Arm assembly code, you probably do not want to use it to hand-code your entire application.
You will probably want to write a small number of key functions in assembly, and call those functions from your main application code. You might want to do this to make use of existing assembly code, but the rest of your project is in C or C++.
- Calling assembly functions from C and C++ in the Arm Compiler User Guide shows you how to make function calls from C/C++ code to assembly code using the Arm Compiler 6 toolchain.
- Beyond Hello World: Advanced Arm Compiler 5 Features provides a similar example using Arm Compiler 5 within the DS-5 IDE.
Writing your first assembly program
Here are some examples that you can follow to get started with Arm assembly language.
- "Hello World" in Assembly is an Arm Community blog post that shows how to build a simple Arm assembly program with GCC, running either natively or with a cross-compiler.
- Assembling armasm and GNU syntax assembly code in the Arm Compiler Software Development Guide demonstrates another Arm assembly program, this time using the Arm Compiler 6 toolchain.
- Using the integrated assembler in the Arm Compiler User Guide provides another example.
Writing inline assembly code
Inline assembly lets you write assembly code directly in your C or C++ source code. This can simplify the task of writing assembly code. For example, you can leave register allocation to the compiler, instead of explicitly referring to specific registers in your code.
- Writing inline assembly code demonstrates how to use inline assembly code with the standalone Arm Compiler 6 toolchain.
- Using inline assembly to improve code efficiency shows an example of inline assembly code using Arm Compiler 5 within the DS-5 IDE.